Coordinating Conjunctions

Transcrição

1 The short, simple conjunctions are called "coordinating conjunctions": and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so A coordinating conjunction joins parts of a sentence (for example words or independent clauses) that are grammatically equal or similar. A coordinating conjunction shows that the elements it joins are similar in importance and structure: + Look at these examples - the two elements that the coordinating conjunction joins are shown in square brackets [ ]: I like [tea] and [coffee]. [Ram likes tea], but [Anthony likes coffee]. Coordinating conjunctions always come between the words or clauses that they join. When a coordinating conjunction joins independent clauses, it is always correct to place a comma before the conjunction: I want to work as an interpreter in the future, so I am studying Russian at university. However, if the independent clauses are short and well-balanced, a comma is not really essential: She is kind so she helps people. When "and" is used with the last word of a list, a comma is optional: He drinks beer, whisky, wine, and rum. He drinks beer, whisky, wine and rum. The 7 coordinating conjunctions are short, simple words. They have only two or three letters. There's an easy way to remember them - their initials spell: F A N B O Y S For And Nor But Or Yet So

2 COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS As conjunções coordenativas unem orações ou termos que têm a mesma função sintática, ou seja, que são independentes e que poderiam aparecer em enunciados distintos. Por exemplo: Peter prepared the chicken and Mary made the salad. As conjunções AND, BUT eor são consideradas as principais conjunções coordenativas do inglês.

3 ADITIVAS (adição) AND (e) AND mostra uma relação de adição entre dois termos ou duas orações. Portanto, é uma conjunção coordenada aditiva. He brushed his teethand combed his hair. BOTH... AND (tanto... como) BOTH... AND indica que cada uma das opções está incluída. The children both love and respect their teacher. Both Britain and th US opposed the plan.

4 NOT ONLY... BUT ALSO (não só... como também) NOT ONLY... BUT ALSO é um modo formal de expressar adição. Andrew desiresnotonly a Mercedes butalso a Ferrari. AND THEN (e depois) AND THEN é uma outra forma de expressar adição. David spent three days in Rio de Janeiro andthen a week in Recife.

5 CONTRASTE BUT (mas, porém) BUT dá ideia de contraste entre dois termos ou duas orações. É uma conjunção coordenada adversativa. We shouted and shouted, but no one heard us. YET (mas, porém) YET expressa contraste, oposição. É uma conjunção coordenativa adversativa. He tries hard, yet never seems to get any better. OTHERWISE (senão, caso contrário) OTHERWISE expressa ideia de alternância, ao mesmo tempo que transmite ideia de contraste. You should take na umbrella otherwise you ll get wet.

6 ALTERNÂNCIA OR / OR ELSE (ou) OR / OR ELSE expressam ideia de alternância entre dois termos ou duas orações. São conjunções coordenativas alternativas. We can stop nowor play another match. We could discuss it now, orelse* we could leave it till next week. *OR ELSE é mais enfático.

7 EITHER... OR (ou... ou) EITHER... OR expressa ideia de escolha entre duas opções. Either you start to take your work seriouslyor you ll have to look for another job. NEITHER... NOR (nem... nem) NEITHER... NOR expressa ideia de nem uma nem outra entre duas opções. I neither knownor care. We have neither the time nor the resources.

8 CONSEQUÊNCIA / RESULTADO SO (então) SO expressa motivo. Pode ser conjunção coordenativa ou subordinativa, dependendo do contexto. O exemplo abaixo ilustra a primeira possibilidade. SO como conjunção coordenativa: He told us to go away, so we did. SO como conjunção subordinativa: I switched on the televisionso I could see the news.

9 RAZÃO FOR (pois, porque) FOR pode ser utilizada para expressar razão, da mesma forma que BECAUSE. He was extremely tiredfor he had walked all day.

10 EXERCISES I. Complete as orações abaixo com and, but ou or. 1. I always wash my face brush my teeth before I go to bed. 2. He went into the shop bought a newspaper. 3. We screamed for help unfortunately nobody heard us. 4. Would you like tea would you prefer coffee? 5. He walked to the microphone began his speech. 6. I love strawberries I m not so keen on raspberries. 7. We can talk about this problem now we can discuss it on Monday. 8. We could go to the cinema tonight we could stay at home and watch a video.

11 II. Complete as orações abaixo com so ou yet. 1.He told us to do our homework, we did. 2.He studies a lot, he never gets good results in his exams. 3.The exhibition was free last Sunday, I went to see it. 4.The Italian team played well, France won in the closing minutes. 5.The children wanted to eat hot dogs, we went to the fast-food restaurant. 6.The weather forescast said it would be sunny today, it s raining now.

12 III. Complete as orações com either... or ou neither... nor. 1.I can t eat fish meat. 2.He knows cares what happened. 3.I speak French understand it. 4.I can swim run. 5.Annie would like to drink juice water. 6.The hotel is cheap near the museum.